
Jesus answered, “It was neither that this man sinned, nor his parents; but it was so that the works of God might be displayed in him. We must work the works of Him who sent Me as long as it is day; night is coming when no one can work.” (John 9:3–4)
QUESTION: Did Jesus teach the church to observe the Sabbath?No.In the Biblical record of Jesus teaching about Sabbath, there is no instruction that Sabbath observance should continue. Jesus at the synagogue in NazarethSome Christians try to prove that Sabbath observance is required at this time by pointing out Jesus had a custom of going to the synagogue on the Sabbath. For example, Luke 4:16 says: “Jesus came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up; and as was His custom, He entered the synagogue[1] on the Sabbath, and stood up to read.” The Greek word used here for “custom” is etho (G1486), which means to do something by habit. Attending a synagogue on the Sabbath was not unusual for a Jew to do since the Law of Moses commanded Sabbath observance (Exodus 20:8–11), and a holy convocation on that day (Leviticus 23:3). But in the case of Jesus, when He went to the synagogue on the Sabbath, He was not teaching Sabbath observance. Instead, He was simply doing what His Father sent Him to earth to do, “to seek and to save that which was lost” (Luke 19:10). On the occasion discussed in Luke 4, Jesus went to the synagogue to fulfill a prophecy concerning the mission of the Messiah: And the book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to Him. And He opened the book and found the place where it was written, “THE SPIRIT OF THE LORD IS UPON ME, BECAUSE HE ANOINTED ME TO PREACH THE GOSPEL TO THE POOR. HE HAS SENT ME TO PROCLAIM RELEASE TO THE CAPTIVES, AND RECOVERY OF SIGHT TO THE BLIND, TO SET FREE THOSE WHO ARE OPPRESSED, TO PROCLAIM THE FAVORABLE YEAR OF THE LORD.” And He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant and sat down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on Him. And He began to say to them, “Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.” (Luke 4:17–21) A synagogue was an excellent place to preach the gospel to a gathering of Jews because they were already accustomed to meeting there on the Sabbath to be taught from the Law of Moses. And as we learn from reading the New Testament, there were many Jews at the synagogues who were lost, and therefore needed to hear the gospel preached to them, a message in which there is no teaching about Sabbath observance (compare with 1 Corinthians 15:1–4; Romans 10:9–10). Jesus at the Last Supper and after His resurrectionThe command to observe the Sabbath was part of the Old Covenant, which was ratified between the Lord God and Israel (Exodus 19:1–9; 24:1–8; 31:18; 34:28; Deuteronomy 4:13). When the Old Covenant was established, the rules of the Covenant were given which included Sabbath observance (Exodus 20–23; Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28, etc.). When the New Covenant was confirmed by Jesus, no rules about Sabbath observance were given. Instead, Jesus instructed His disciples on a number of principles including serving and loving one another, and to remember Him through the ordinance of Communion (Matthew 26:20–35; Mark 14:17–31; Luke 22:14–38; John 13–17; 1 Corinthians 11:23–26). There is no evidence in the Bible that Jesus gave any instruction about Sabbath after He rose from the dead (Matthew 28; Mark 16; Luke 24; John 20–21; Acts 1). QUESTION: What did Jesus teach about the Sabbath? ?This section contains a sample of teaching by Jesus about the Sabbath, or teaching that occurred on a Sabbath day (compare with John 21:24–25). Jesus taught: “The Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath”Supreme authorityOne Sabbath, as the disciples of Jesus were walking through grain fields, and as they were “picking the heads of grain, rubbing them in their hands, and eating” (Luke 6:1), some Pharisees accused the disciples of breaking the law. After scolding the Pharisees for their lack of understanding and compassion (Matthew 12:1–8) Jesus said, “the Son of Man is Lord even of the Sabbath” (Mark 2:28). The Greek word used here for “Lord” is kurios (G2962), which means, “supreme in authority.” Supreme is defined as, “superior to all others, strongest, most important, or most powerful.” Authority is defined as, “the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.” (Oxford 2005) After His resurrection from the dead, Jesus told his eleven disciples: “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth.” (Matthew 28:18) On the day of Pentecost when the church of Jesus Christ was started and empowered by the Holy Spirit, the apostle Peter preached that God, the Father, made Jesus the Son, the supreme authority. “Therefore let all the house of Israel know for certain that God has made Him both Lord and Christ—this Jesus whom you crucified.” (Acts 2:36) The Lord Jesus is also–the Christ. The following excerpt from the Illustrated Bible Dictionary by M.G. Easton explains the meaning of the Christ: Christ — Anointed, the Greek translation of the Hebrew word rendered “Messiah” (q.v.), the official title of our Lord, occurring five hundred and fourteen times in the New Testament. It denotes that he was anointed or consecrated to his great redemptive work as Prophet, Priest, and King of his people. He is Jesus the Christ (Act 17:3; Act 18:5; Mat 22:42), the Anointed One. He is thus spoken of by Isaiah (Isa 61:1), and by Daniel (Dan 9:24–26), who styles him “Messiah the Prince.” (Easton 1897) Of course, Jesus is still subject to God the Father (Ephesians 1:15–23; 1 Corinthians 15:20–28; compare with Genesis 39:1–6; 41:38–45; Daniel 2:46–49). Someone may say that it was only after Jesus died, and then rose from the dead that He was given this authority as a reward. This is only partially correct. The apostles John and Paul help clarify that Jesus had authority before He was born on earth to Mary: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being. And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John 1:1–3, 14) Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. (Philippians 2:5–7) He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things have been created through Him and for Him. He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. (Colossians 1:15–17) In the Old Testament, the prophet Jeremiah wrote about the authority and power the Lord had before He became flesh and walked on the earth: But the LORD is the true God; He is the living God and the everlasting King. At His wrath the earth quakes, And the nations cannot endure His indignation. It is He who made the earth by His power, Who established the world by His wisdom; And by His understanding He has stretched out the heavens. (Jeremiah 10:10, 12) Surely, anyone who has authority over all in heaven and earth can claim lordship over anything and everything. So, when Jesus said, He is “Lord even of the Sabbath,” He was saying that in addition to the authority He had over everything else, He had authority over the Sabbath as well. Remember that it was the Lord who blessed and sanctified the seventh day of the week; therefore, He could do whatever He wanted to do on the Sabbath because He made the Sabbath day! Who is this Son of Man?After visiting with Zaccheus the tax collector, Jesus described the Son of Man as One who came to earth in order to “seek and to save that which was lost” (Luke 19:10). One night while speaking with Nicodemus, one of the teachers in Israel, Jesus told him, “As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up; so that whoever believes will in Him have eternal life” (John 3:14–15). On another day, a crowd of people standing near Jesus said, “We have heard out of the Law that the Christ is to remain forever; and how can You say, ‘The Son of Man must be lifted up’? Who is this Son of Man?” (John 12:34). When Jesus used the name “Son of Man” to refer to Himself, it was a reference—a connection to the prophecy in the book of Daniel which tells of the one who will receive an everlasting dominion from the “Ancient of Days.” “I kept looking in the night visions, And behold, with the clouds of heaven One like a Son of Man was coming, And He came up to the Ancient of Days And was presented before Him. “And to Him was given dominion, Glory and a kingdom, That all the peoples, nations and men of every language Might serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion Which will not pass away; And His kingdom is one Which will not be destroyed. (Daniel 7:13–14; see also Matthew 24:30; Revelation 1:7, 13; 14:14) The designation “one like a Son of Man” refers to the fact that Jesus was born on the earth in the likeness of man (Philippians 2:5–11). However, His words and deeds proved that Jesus was more than just a man: Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, He was asking His disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” And they said, “Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.” He *said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” (Matthew 16:13–16; see also Luke 22:66–70; John 10:22–42) The name, “Son of Man”[2] when applied to Jesus, the Christ, encapsulates all that Israel was looking forward to in the promises of the law and the Prophets concerning the restoration of Israel in their land, and the reign of the Messiah over all the earth. Of course, the Israelites of Jesus’ day did not know that He was the Christ, except those to whom He revealed this fact. The reality of the Son of Man has many aspects: Friendship (Matthew 11:19); forgiveness (Matthew 12:32); punishment (Matthew 13:41); recompense (Matthew 16:27); death (Matthew 17:9); reward (Matthew 19:28); hope (Matthew 24:27); judgment (Matthew 24:39); warning (Matthew 26:44); glory (Matthew 25:31); sacrifice (Matthew 26:2); authority (Mark 2:10); suffering (Mark 8:31); service (Mark 10:45); betrayal (Mark 14:41); hatred (Luke 6:22); shame (Luke 9:26); unexpectedness (Luke 12:40); fulfillment (Luke 18:31); salvation (Luke 19:10); return (Luke 21:27); resurrection (Luke 24:7); promise (John 1:51); delegation (John 5:27); eternity (John 6:27); communion (John 6:53); etc. Jesus taught: “Man was not made for the Sabbath”In Mark’s version of the encounter between Jesus and the Pharisees in the grain fields on a Sabbath, an additional statement was included: Jesus said to them, “The Sabbath was made[3] for man, and not man for the Sabbath.” (Mark 2:27; compare with Matthew 12:1–8; Luke 6:1–5) The last part of Mark 2:27 states that man does not exist to serve the Sabbath. The Sabbath was not made so that men would become slaves to it by turning the intended rest and the memorial into a labor of pleasing mere men. Enforcing observance of man-made traditions and regulations defeats the original purpose for the Sabbath.[4] Jesus taught: “The Sabbath was made for man”The Sabbath was made as a weekly memorial of creation, and as a day to benefit the land, people, and animals so they could rest and be refreshed. Moses also pointed out that the Sabbath was a day to remind Israel that the Lord had rescued them from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 20:8–11; 23:10–12; Deuteronomy 5:12–15). It was a day to call a delight, and it was honorable (Isaiah 58:13–14). How was the Sabbath “made”?The pattern that determined a “day” was established on the first day of creation, and continued on through the sixth day: Then God said, “Let there be light”; and there was light. God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light day, and the darkness He called night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. (Genesis 1:3–5) The seventh day of the week was made simply by allowing the twenty-four-hour day to occur according to the pattern already established on the first day, “And there was evening and there was morning, one day” (Genesis 1:5), which continued on through the other five days (Genesis 1:8, 13, 19, 23, 31). What made the seventh day special was that God ceased from His labors on that day; He blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it (Genesis 2:1–3). The Bible does not mention any seventh day “rest” between the first seventh day on which God rested, and the first command from the Lord for Israel to rest on the seventh day of the week, called “sabbath” for the first time in the Bible in Exodus 16:23. Before the Lord rained manna on Israel for six days, and commanded rest on the seventh day, that day was blessed and holy, but, the biblical records do not show if anyone rested on the seventh day of the week. Exodus 20:1–17 shows that the Sabbath was officially commanded to be observed as part of the Ten Commandments, within the framework of the Mosaic Covenant (Exodus 19–24). It was at this time that instructions were given that made the seventh day special from the other six days, in the minds and lives of the Israelites. Jesus taught: “I desire compassion”In Matthew 12:1–2, the Pharisees accused Jesus’ disciples of wrongdoing: “Look, Your disciples do what is not lawful to do on a Sabbath.” The Pharisees’ knowledge of God was inadequate (compare with Hosea 4:1, 6), and therefore they did not understand how to make a proper assessment of the actions by the disciples in the grain fields. Jesus scolded the Pharisees for their lack of knowledge, and affirmed that the actions of His disciples were lawful: “But if you had known what this means, ‘I DESIRE COMPASSION, AND NOT A SACRIFICE,’ you would not have condemned the innocent.” (Matthew 12:7) In this statement Jesus was quoting Hosea 6:6 where it says, “For I delight in loyalty rather than sacrifice, And in the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings.” The Hebrew word translated as “loyalty” in this verse is chesed.[5] The basic meaning of this word is “goodness, or kindness.” Based on the context of the situation, Jesus was pointing out that the Pharisees were more concerned with external obedience to the law, and to their own traditions, rather than compassion (Matthew 12:7 NASB), and mercy (Matthew 12:7 KJV) toward their brethren who were hungry. (compare with Jeremiah 4:22) Compassion commandedThroughout God’s interactions with Israel, He made it clear that Israel was to treat the poor and needy with compassion and kindness. For example, in Leviticus 23, right in the middle of explaining how to observe the Sabbaths and other holy days, the Lord said: ‘When you reap the harvest of your land, moreover, you shall not reap to the very corners of your field nor gather the gleaning of your harvest; you are to leave them for the needy and the alien. I am the LORD your God.’ (Leviticus 23:22) The need for compassion restatedThrough Isaiah the Lord pointed out how Israel sought to know God on a daily basis as if they were free of sin, and as if they had not broken their commitment to the law. They inquired of God but could not understand why He would not answer them. Instead of humbling themselves, they approached the Lord as if they were innocent (Isaiah 58:1–5). In response to their hypocrisy the Lord said: “Is this not the fast which I choose, To loosen the bonds of wickedness, To undo the bands of the yoke, And to let the oppressed go free And break every yoke? Is it not to divide your bread with the hungry And bring the homeless poor into the house; When you see the naked, to cover him; And not to hide yourself from your own flesh?” (Isaiah 58:6–7) The Lord promised blessings to Israel if they put away sin, and treated the poor and needy with compassion and kindness (Isaiah 8–12). Again, if the Pharisees had the proper knowledge of God, and understanding of the Sabbath, they would have properly assessed the actions of the disciples in the grain fields (compare with Isaiah 58:13–14). Lack of compassion punishedOf course, we know that Israel did not heed God’s instructions. The history of Israel is filled with the Lord God repeatedly teaching and reminding them that they were to treat the poor and needy with compassion and kindness, but instead, Israel persisted in building up transgressions and sins. Through the prophet Ezekiel, the Lord compared the sin of the nation of Judah to that of Sodom: “Now your older sister is Samaria, who lives north of you with her daughters; and your younger sister, who lives south of you, is Sodom with her daughters. Yet you have not merely walked in their ways or done according to their abominations; but, as if that were too little, you acted more corruptly in all your conduct than they. As I live,” declares the Lord GOD, “Sodom, your sister and her daughters have not done as you and your daughters have done. Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had arrogance, abundant food and careless ease, but she did not help the poor and needy. Thus they were haughty and committed abominations before Me. Therefore I removed them when I saw it.” (Ezekiel 16:46–50) Jesus taught: “It is lawful to do good on the Sabbath”On a Sabbath day, Jesus entered a synagogue where He saw a man whose hand was withered. The Pharisees were watching Him to see if He would heal the man on the Sabbath so that they could accuse Him, but Jesus knew what they were thinking (Luke 6:6–8). And Jesus said to them, “I ask you, is it lawful to do good or to do harm on the Sabbath, to save a life or to destroy it?” (Luke 6:9) In Matthew’s account of this incident, Jesus answered the question Himself: And He said to them, “What man is there among you who has a sheep, and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will he not take hold of it and lift it out? How much more valuable then is a man than a sheep! So then, it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.” Then He *said to the man, “Stretch out your hand!” He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. (Matthew 12:11–13) On another Sabbath day Jesus healed a woman who had been bent over double for eighteen years; she could not straighten up at all. The synagogue official was “indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath.” As part of his response Jesus replied, “[T]his woman, a daughter of Abraham as she is, whom Satan has bound for eighteen long years, should she not have been released from this bond on the Sabbath day?” (Luke 13:16, emphasis mine) Jesus taught: “I Myself am working”Jesus heals a man at Bethesda poolJesus did a good work on the Sabbath by healing a man who had been ill for thirty-eight years. Jesus instructed the man to take up his pallet and walk. When the Jews saw the man walking with his pallet, they complained about him doing so on the Sabbath. He told the Jews that the man who had healed him also instructed him to pick up the pallet and walk. The Jews asked the man who it was that had made him well, but he did not know. Jesus later found the man in the temple and told him not to sin anymore so that nothing worse happens to him (John 5:1–14). The man went away, and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well. For this reason the Jews were persecuting Jesus, because He was doing these things on the Sabbath. But He answered them, “My Father is working until now, and I Myself am working.” For this reason therefore the Jews were seeking all the more to kill Him, because He not only was breaking the Sabbath, but also was calling God His own Father, making Himself equal with God. (John 5:15–18) Jesus did not break God’s commandments; the Jewish religious leaders were angry because Jesus disregarded their man-made rules and their traditions (compare with Matthew 15:1–9; Mark 7:1–13). The dialogue between Jesus and the Jews continued with Jesus explaining His rationale for “working” on the Sabbath: Therefore Jesus answered and was saying to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, the Son can do nothing of Himself, unless it is something He sees the Father doing; for whatever the Father does, these things the Son also does in like manner. For the Father loves the Son, and shows Him all things that He Himself is doing; and the Father will show Him greater works than these, so that you will marvel.” (John 5:19–20) The significance of Jesus’ statements in John 5:17, 19–20 is in the fact that this message from Christ was in direct response to the challenge by the Jews; they were upset because Jesus had done “work”[6] on the Sabbath that was contrary to their traditions. Jesus went on to explain that His work was to raise the dead, give eternal life, and to execute judgment (John 5:21–30). More examples of Jesus working on the Sabbath The following excerpts show how Jesus was attacked on a number of occasions because He intentionally disregarded and challenged the man-made rules and regulations of Sabbath observance. Jesus heals a blind manJohn 9:1–41 They *brought to the Pharisees the man who was formerly blind. Now it was a Sabbath on the day when Jesus made the clay and opened his eyes. Then the Pharisees also were asking him again how he received his sight. And he said to them, “He applied clay to my eyes, and I washed, and I see.” Therefore some of the Pharisees were saying, “This man is not from God, because He does not keep the Sabbath.” But others were saying, “How can a man who is a sinner perform such signs?” And there was a division among them. (John 9:13–16) Jesus heals a man’s withered handMatthew 12:9–14 And a man was there whose hand was withered. And they questioned Jesus, asking, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”—so that they might accuse Him. (Matthew 12:10; Mark 3:1–6; Luke 6:6–11) Jesus heals a woman with a spirit-induced sicknessLuke 13:10–17 But the synagogue official, indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, began saying to the crowd in response, “There are six days in which work should be done; so come during them and get healed, and not on the Sabbath day.” (Luke 13:14) Jesus heals a man who had dropsy[7]Luke 14:1–6 And Jesus answered and spoke to the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?” But they kept silent. And He took hold of him and healed him, and sent him away. And He said to them, “Which one of you will have a son or an ox fall into a well, and will not immediately pull him out on a Sabbath day?” (Luke 14:3–5) Jesus casts out an unclean spiritMark 1:21–28 They were all amazed, so that they debated among themselves, saying, “What is this? A new teaching with authority! He commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey Him.” (Mark 1:27; Luke 4:31–37) Jesus taught: “Pray your flight is not on a Sabbath”Jesus warned His disciples that in the future there would be a time of great tribulation that would prompt believers to flee Jerusalem. In light of this He said, “But pray that your flight will not be in the winter, or on a Sabbath. For then there will be a great tribulation, such as has not occurred since the beginning of the world until now, nor ever will.” (Matthew 24:20–21) The problem with believers fleeing on the Sabbath is that there will be at that time Jews who continue to strictly observe Sabbath, and will continue to be offended by anyone who breaks their rules and traditions of Sabbath observance. For more on that topic see, “Sabbath during the Great Tribulation.” QUESTION: Did the apostles of Jesus teach the church to observe the Sabbath?No.The New Testament does not show any evidence that the apostles of Jesus taught anyone to observe the Sabbath. Instead, Paul questioned why the Galatians were going back to “weak and worthless elemental things.” So also we, while we were children, were held in bondage under the elemental things of the world. But now that you have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how is it that you turn back again to the weak and worthless elemental things, to which you desire to be enslaved all over again? You observe days and months and seasons and years. (Galatians 4:3, 9–10) “Days, months, and seasons” corresponds with, “Sabbaths, new moons, and fixed festivals” in 1 Chronicles 23:31, 2 Chronicles 31:3, and Leviticus 23. “Years” corresponds with the sabbatical year in Leviticus 25.[8] Here we see that Paul scolded the Galatian believers who were turning back to observe elements of the Old Covenant—elements which were a mere shadow of what was to come, to be fulfilled in Christ (Colossians 2:16–17; Hebrews 10:1). Paul wrote to the Roman believers on the matter of food and observance of particular days (Romans 14:1–6): One person regards one day above another, another regards every day alike. Each person must be fully convinced in his own mind. He who observes the day, observes it for the Lord (Romans 14:5–6) If Sabbath observance was required for the believers then this was an excellent moment to reinforce that teaching; however, Paul did not reinforce the teaching because Sabbath observance is not required at this time. CONCLUSIONBy the time Jesus arrived on the scene in Israel, the Pharisees had added many rules and traditions to Sabbath observance. One day as Jesus and His disciples were walking through grain fields, the Pharisees told Jesus that His disciples were breaking the law because they were picking and eating grain on the Sabbath. Jesus told the Pharisees, “the Son of Man is Lord even of the Sabbath.” He was authorized to say this because in the beginning He created the heavens and the earth. Before He was born as a human, He existed from eternity as the second person of the Trinity—the Son of God. It was He who spoke everything into existence in six days, and then on the seventh day He ceased from His work of creation; it was He who pronounced a blessing on the seventh day and set it apart as a special day above the other six. Many years later the Son, also known as the Lord God, commanded Israel—including man and beast, to rest on the seventh day of the week. This command was alternately obeyed and disobeyed throughout Israel’s history, right down to the time of Jesus’ ministry on earth. As Lord of the Sabbath, Jesus knew that the original intent of the Sabbath was to give man and beast a day to rest after six days of work. Additionally, the Sabbath was a reminder that God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then ceased from His work of creation on the seventh day. Jesus scolded the Pharisees for their lack of compassion towards their fellow Israelites—the disciples of Jesus who were picking and eating grain on the Sabbath because they were hungry. On other occasions Jesus taught that it was lawful to do good things like healing someone on a Sabbath day. What the Bible does not show is Jesus teaching continued Sabbath observance. Neither does the Bible show His apostles teaching believers to observe Sabbath. Instead, Paul warned the Galatians not to be enslaved to things such as observing days and months and seasons and years. To the Colossians he said not to let anyone judge them because they no longer observe festivals, new moons or Sabbaths. Paul explained that these things are just a shadow of what was to come—Jesus Christ. When Jesus’ disciples asked Him about signs of the time of the end, one of the warnings He gave was for believers who are in Jerusalem during the great tribulation to pray that their attempt to flee the trouble would not be on a Sabbath day. The reason is that there will be some Jews during that time who will continue to strictly adhere to Sabbath observance; these Jews do not now, and will not at that time allow anyone to travel more than a Sabbath day’s journey. On the matter of work on the Sabbath, Jesus did not shrink back from declaring that He indeed did work on the Sabbath. His work was to seek and to save that which was lost; that included healing many people from sickness, disease, and demon possession. |
FOOTNOTES
The Hebrew word sunagoge (G4864) refers to, 1) a bringing together, gathering (as of fruits), a contracting 2) in the NT, an assembling together of men, an assembly of men 3) a synagogue 3a) an assembly of Jews formally gathered together to offer prayers and listen to the reading and expositions of the scriptures; assemblies of that sort were held every sabbath and feast day, afterwards also on the second and fifth days of every week; name transferred to an assembly of Christians formally gathered together for religious purposes 3b) the buildings where those solemn Jewish assemblies are held. Synagogues seem to date their origin from the Babylonian exile. In the times of Jesus and the apostles every town, not only in Palestine, but also among the Gentiles if it contained a considerable number of Jewish inhabitants, had at least one synagogue, the larger towns several or even many. These were also used for trials and inflicting punishment (Thayer 1889). ↑
Commentary on Matthew 8:20:
Son of Man. See notes on Mk 2:10; Jn 1:51. This is the name Jesus used for Himself more than any other. It is used 83 times in the gospels, always by Jesus Himself. It was a messianic title (Da 7:13,14) with an obvious reference to the humanity and the humility of Christ. Yet, it also speaks of His everlasting glory, as Da 7:13,14 shows (compare with Mat 24:27; Ac 7:56) (MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible – New American Standard Bible 2006).Excerpt from commentary on John 1:51:
Son of Man. See note on Mt 8:20. This is Jesus’ favorite self-designation, for it was mostly spoken by Jesus who used it over 80 times. In the NT, it refers only to Jesus and appears mostly in the gospels (compare with Ac 7:56). In the fourth gospel, the expression occurs 13 times and is most commonly associated with the themes of crucifixion and suffering (3:14; 8:28) and revelation (6:27,53) but also with eschatological authority (5:27). While the term at times may refer merely to a human being or as a substitute for “I” (6:27; compare with 6:20), it especially takes on an eschatological significance referring to Da 7:13,14 where the “Son of Man” or Messiah comes in glory to receive the kingdom from the “Ancient of Days” (i.e., the Father) (MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible – New American Standard Bible 2006). ↑The Hebrew word ginomai (G1096) is defined as, 1) to become, i.e. to come into existence, begin to be, receive being 2) to become, i.e. to come to pass, happen; 2a) of events 3) to arise, appear in history, come upon the stage; 3a) of men appearing in public 4) to be made, finished; 4a) of miracles, to be performed, wrought 5) to become, be made (Thayer 1889) ↑
Man-made traditions and regulations—The Talmud is the body of Jewish civil and ceremonial law and legend comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. There are two versions of the Talmud: the Babylonian Talmud (which dates from the 5th century [AD] but includes earlier material) and the earlier Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud (Oxford 2005).
“In one section of the Talmud, and there are at least two such sections, but in one of them, there are 24 chapters listing all the Sabbath laws. One rabbi spent two and a half years trying to understand one of those chapters. If you just extrapolate that, there is a lifetime of one man just trying to figure out the stuff he was supposed to do on the Sabbath” (MacArthur, The Lord of the Sabbath – Resource #2290 1981).
Compare with Matthew 15:1–9; Mark 7:1–13. The Jewish leaders added rules about washing hands. ↑
The Hebrew word chesed (H2617) is from the Hebrew word chasad (H2616, “to bow the neck only in courtesy to an equal; to be kind”), and means kindness; by implication (towards God) piety; rarely (by opprobrium) reproof, or (subjectively) beauty: – favour, good deed (-liness, -ness), kindly, (loving-) kindness, merciful (kindness), mercy, pity, reproach, wicked thing (Strong 1890). ↑
Some scriptures in the book of John concerning the work of Jesus: John 4:34; 5:17, 20, 36; 6:27–30; 7:3; 9:3–4; 10:25, 32–33, 37–38; 14:10–12; 15:24; 17:4.
What is God’s work? Jesus answered and said to them, “This is the work of God, that you believe in Him whom He has sent” (John 6:29). ↑
Dropsy is an old-fashioned or less technical term for edema, which is a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (Oxford 2005). ↑
Commentary on Galatians 4:10 – “Sabbaths, new moons, and set feasts” (1Ch 23: 31; 2Ch 31: 3), answer to “days, months, times.” “Months,” however, may refer to the first and seventh months, which were sacred on account of the number of feasts in them. times— Greek, “seasons,” namely, those of the three great feasts, the Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles. years— The sabbatical year … (Jamieson, Fausset and Brown). ↑
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CHAPTER 3 – Jesus and the Sabbath From The Sabbath Was Made For Man by Meshach Baptiste. Copyright 2021. RBGDevotional.org RBGDev 82–0–106 27-Jun-21, 08:08 |
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